Koy Sanjaq (KS): What of one’s Jews of Koy Sanjaq, citizen given that about 1951 inside the Israel
Advice arises from Robert Hoberman (private telecommunications). So it seems to be generally associate of the Jewish dialects away from a great many other cities for the area also, together with Aqra and Rawanduz.
But not, within this dialect you will find a very uncommon changes out-of h so you can h in the 3rd person only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The words of your Jews from Iranian Azerbaijan, in addition to organizations in the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and Yuksekova. Info is of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): The words of the Jews off Halabja into Iran-Iraq border. This is extremely close to the Jewish dialects of the other towns and cities of your part, including Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and Panjwin. Recommendations arises from my personal notes.
We will contrast this type of dialects for twenty-four phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you may lexical requirements. Following Hetzron (1976, 98), we have chose simply designs given that requirements getting group. You will find chose a beneficial disproportionate quantity of morphological standards, and we should provide them with special weight, once again after the Hetzron, however, other common innovations might be regarded as well.
Note in addition to the more challenging maintenance and even installation regarding inside the Koy Sanjaq advertised of the Hoberman (1985)
As we evaluate the fresh dialects out of NENA we shall just be sure to influence brand new the total amount to which the newest languages share a distinct trend hence is different from Turoyo and you can Mandaic. Meanwhile, we are going to select bundles from isoglosses inside NENA.
(1) Stress is generally penultimate throughout the NA languages, including Turoyo and Mandaic but not regarding about three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which often fret the final syllable. These types of languages have a look, like this, such as many more (Garbell 1965), showing an unusually good influence regarding Kurdish.
(2) Most of the NENA languages have blended h and you can x. In the Hertevin the result is h, and you can everywhere more it is x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you can dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55) sitio de citas sin gluten.(4)
One another Turoyo and you can Mandaic keep separate h and you can x. Particular NENA languages possess reintroduced h due to the fact a credit out of Kurdish otherwise Arabic or off Traditional Syriac or Hebrew.(5) Although not, this new passed down words consistently reveals x. Such as for instance, within the Tisqopa there are borrowed Arabic terms and conditions, including sahabi ‘friend’, which have h, however, inherited conditions including laxma ‘bread’ constantly tell you x. (6)
(3) Every NENA languages except Hertevin and you can Zakho have forfeit really times of passed down. Like, within the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb a and afra. In the Hertevin as well as in Zakho, inherited was continuously ?: Hertevin thus?an excellent ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and Alon 1979, 189). A number of most other languages some are preserved as ?, and you may, regarding other individuals, is finished completely. Certain languages have reintroduced lent from Arabic otherwise Kurdish. Including, Halabja possess ayza ‘good’.
(4) Into the prior to languages away from Aramaic, like in Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] after a vowel. So it alternation might have been lexicalized during the NENA, that have sometimes t otherwise [Theta] spreading as a result of whole paradigms, whether preceded of the a beneficial vowel or otherwise not. Such as for instance, for the Aradhin the new verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, in addition to [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Next, in a number of languages new phoneme [Theta] has actually experienced extra transform. In a number of dialects [Theta] has actually blended back once again to t, plus other people it has become s or even l.(7) In one dialect, Jilu, it has become h and then already been erased except from the start of a word. The three easternmost Jewish languages express the fresh new shocking change out-of [Theta] to a single. The results of these change is visible regarding keyword ‘house’ hence looks in almost any languages since the be:[Theta great]a (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and you can besa (Sanandaj Religious).