The study try modified to own ages, intercourse, body-size list, informative top, liquor intake, and you can geographic area
Features of Studies People
The characteristics of the 102,216 participants are shown in Table 1 , and in Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix. Mean sodium excretion was estimated to be 4.93±1.73 g, and mean potassium excretion was estimated to be 2.12±0.60 g, with higher excretion in men than in women (P<0.001 for sodium and potassium).
Designs out of Sodium and you may Potassium Excretion
Seen removal from a single accelerated morning urine specimen and you can projected “usual” excretion (just after variations to own regression dilution bias) are offered. To have observed excretion, the indicate (±SD) sodium removal was 4.93±step one.73 g everyday; step three.3% from participants got salt removal of lower than dos.30 g every day, and you will 0.6% away from people had sodium removal of less than step 1.fifty g on a daily basis. To own projected typical removal, the latest indicate sodium removal was cuatro.90±1.17 grams on a daily basis; 0.2% of players got salt removal regarding below dos.30 g on a daily basis, and you will www.datingranking.net/pl/love-ru-recenzja/ nothing got salt excretion regarding less than step one.50 g a day.
Overall, 43.5% of the population had an estimated sodium excretion of more than 5 g per day, 45.9% between 3 and 5 g per day, and 10.6% less than 3 g per day (3.3% had an excretion <2.3 g per day, and 0.6% <1.5 g per day). After adjustment for regression dilution bias, 2.1% of participants had an estimated sodium excretion of less than 3 g per day, and only 0.2% had excretion of less than 2.3 g per day ( Figure 1A ). Overall, 7.9% of participants had an estimated potassium excretion of more than 3 g per day ( Figure 1B ).
Estimated sodium excretion was higher in rural areas than in urban areas (P<0.001), whereas estimated potassium excretion was higher in urban areas (P<0.001) (Tables S2 and S3 in the Supplementary Appendix). Per capita gross national income was inversely associated with estimated sodium excretion and positively associated with estimated potassium excretion (P<0.001 for trends). Mean estimated sodium excretion ranged from 3.78 g per day in Malaysia to 5.59 g per day in China. Mean estimated potassium excretion ranged from 1.70 g per day in South Asia (Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan) to 2.46 g per day in Canada and Europe (Poland and Sweden).
Urinary Salt Removal and Blood pressure level
Changes in blood pressure levels get to own salt excretion of less than simply 3 grams daily, removal away from three to five g on a daily basis, and you may excretion in excess of 5 g a day. Individuals having very reduced otherwise very high salt excretion come regarding shape. From inside the Asia, 218 persons having removal out of lower than 2 grams daily was as part of the class having excretion from 2.00 to help you dos.99 grams on a daily basis, and you may 482 persons with removal in excess of 11 grams for each and every go out had been within the category that have removal regarding g or so much more each and every day. In other countries, 235 people with removal away from nine.00 to help you nine.99 grams a-day and you may 112 individuals with excretion off ten grams or maybe more each day had been included in the category which have excretion from 8.00 to eight.99 grams daily. I bars indicate 95% confidence menstruation.
After adjusting for covariates, we found a significant positive association between estimated sodium excretion and systolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) and between estimated sodium excretion and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001 for trend) ( Figure 2A and 2B ). For each 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion, there was an increment of 1.46 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (P<0.001) and an increment of 0.54 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure (P<0.001). After correcting for regression dilution bias and adjusting for covariates, we observed a steeper slope (a larger increment in blood pressure for a 1-g increment in estimated sodium excretion) for the association between estimated usual sodium excretion and blood pressure, with an increment of 2.11 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure per gram and an increment of 0.78 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure per gram (P<0.001 for both comparisons).