I ergo fail to select one relationships between CO costs and you will muscle specificity
Intercourse determination family genes can be found in an excellent recombinational wilderness
Given the correlation noted above between high gene density and low crossing-over rates, perhaps the association with worker brains simply reflects their residing in domains of low density? The gene density across the whole genome is 4.1 genes/100 kb. Surprisingly, then worker-brain-biased genes reside in regions of higher gene density, averaging 9.0 genes/100 kb, and so, all else being equal, should have low crossing-over rates. Indeed, when compared with other genes from domains of similar gene density, worker-brain bias genes are very highly enriched near COs (chi sq-test, P <2.2e-16: for worker-brain-bias genes vs. for genes in similar gene density). The correspondence with high gene density is not simply a consequence of tandem gene duplication favoring worker-brain-biased genes. Of 752 worker genes 701 are single copy genes (query and hit with overlapping region >50% and identity >50% are treated as paralogs). These singletons are closer (<10 kb) to recombination hotspots than expected by chance (P <1e-9 in chi square-test, method as in Table S8) and in domains of high density (9 genes/100 kb). These results provide prima facie support for the hypothesis that selection favors the higher recombination rate in worker brain genes.
Similar performance was in fact including seen in nations with duplicate count differences, such that the brand new family genes which have employee-attention biased phrase weighed against queen’s or drone’s head try highly in the content amount differences (Table S8B and S8C inside the Most document dos). By contrast the fresh new drone-brain-biased term genetics (discussed in comparison to worker’s notice) is actually rather missing because of these nations (Dining table S8B and you will S8C inside More document 2). It is maybe becoming sure-enough because CNV regions will most likely additionally be the consequence of recombination (thru unequal crossover ). Each one of these multiple-copy countries must be the outcome of irregular CO since these multi-copies appears to be combination duplications about genome inferred out of brand new personal distance (1 kb-5 kb) between the paired-prevent reads.
A great coupling anywhere between crossing over and you may attention phrase is even advised from the analysis off family genes which have better-demonstrated qualities. Within breakpoint spot regions of COs, discover 42 better-annotated genes, whoever form ended up being confirmed about honeybee otherwise good fresh fruit fly. Interestingly, 17 of these, as well as half dozen staff-brain-biased term genetics, enjoys features on nervous system otherwise behavior (Dining table S9 in the Additional document dos).
Interpretation of one’s more than performance can get yet , getting problematic. Regarding people genome, a bold negative correlation anywhere between in this-gene CO rates and you may phrase depth might have been noticed . Will it be you to a great biased term into the worker brains merely was an indicator out-of better muscle specificity which means that large crossing-over pricing? Just after viewing the newest EST study and you can healthy protein atlas within the areas and you will buildings off bees, i neglect to select people trend linked expression breadth so you’re able to CO prices (spearman rho = -0.036, P = 0.12, Letter = 1,874). It could be one germline term for the queens is really what issues, in this case depth away from term from inside the queens may be the key varying. not, breadth out of expression inside the queens is even unrelated on CO rate: rho = -0.073, P = 0.twenty-eight, Letter = step 1,727.
Zero evidence one resistant genes possess unusual crossing-more than rates
Various other suggestion getting large recombination rates ways good parasite motivated tension . In the 150 immune-related family genes annotated from inside the Evans’ studies , commonly family genes into the Toll, Imd, and you may JAK/STAT routes, twenty-seven ones are found close a great CO breakpoint (length ? ten kb). This is not somewhat different to what might be likely getting a haphazard gene (Chi squared P >0.05) chatspin.